kernel: update KProcess

src/core/arm/arm_interface.cpp

@@ -86,9 +86,9 @@ void ARM_Interface::SymbolicateBacktrace(Core::System& system, std::vector<Backt
 
     std::map<std::string, Symbols::Symbols> symbols;
     for (const auto& module : modules) {
-        symbols.insert_or_assign(
+        symbols.insert_or_assign(module.second,
-            module.second, Symbols::GetSymbols(module.first, system.ApplicationMemory(),
+                                 Symbols::GetSymbols(module.first, system.ApplicationMemory(),
-                                               system.ApplicationProcess()->Is64BitProcess()));
+                                                     system.ApplicationProcess()->Is64Bit()));
     }
 
     for (auto& entry : out) {

src/core/core.cpp

@@ -309,16 +309,8 @@ struct System::Impl {
 
         telemetry_session->AddInitialInfo(*app_loader, fs_controller, *content_provider);
 
-        // Create a resource limit for the process.
-        const auto physical_memory_size =
-            kernel.MemoryManager().GetSize(Kernel::KMemoryManager::Pool::Application);
-        auto* resource_limit = Kernel::CreateResourceLimitForProcess(system, physical_memory_size);
-
         // Create the process.
         auto main_process = Kernel::KProcess::Create(system.Kernel());
-        ASSERT(Kernel::KProcess::Initialize(main_process, system, "main",
-                                            Kernel::KProcess::ProcessType::Userland, resource_limit)
-                   .IsSuccess());
         Kernel::KProcess::Register(system.Kernel(), main_process);
         kernel.MakeApplicationProcess(main_process);
         const auto [load_result, load_parameters] = app_loader->Load(*main_process, system);

src/core/debugger/debugger.cpp

@@ -258,20 +258,20 @@ private:
         Kernel::KScopedSchedulerLock sl{system.Kernel()};
 
         // Put all threads to sleep on next scheduler round.
-        for (auto* thread : ThreadList()) {
+        for (auto& thread : ThreadList()) {
-            thread->RequestSuspend(Kernel::SuspendType::Debug);
+            thread.RequestSuspend(Kernel::SuspendType::Debug);
         }
     }
 
     void ResumeEmulation(Kernel::KThread* except = nullptr) {
         // Wake up all threads.
-        for (auto* thread : ThreadList()) {
+        for (auto& thread : ThreadList()) {
-            if (thread == except) {
+            if (std::addressof(thread) == except) {
                 continue;
             }
 
-            thread->SetStepState(Kernel::StepState::NotStepping);
+            thread.SetStepState(Kernel::StepState::NotStepping);
-            thread->Resume(Kernel::SuspendType::Debug);
+            thread.Resume(Kernel::SuspendType::Debug);
         }
     }
 
@@ -283,13 +283,17 @@ private:
     }
 
     void UpdateActiveThread() {
-        const auto& threads{ThreadList()};
+        auto& threads{ThreadList()};
-        if (std::find(threads.begin(), threads.end(), state->active_thread) == threads.end()) {
+        for (auto& thread : threads) {
-            state->active_thread = threads.front();
+            if (std::addressof(thread) == state->active_thread) {
+                // Thread is still alive, no need to update.
+                return;
+            }
         }
+        state->active_thread = std::addressof(threads.front());
     }
 
-    const std::list<Kernel::KThread*>& ThreadList() {
+    Kernel::KProcess::ThreadList& ThreadList() {
         return system.ApplicationProcess()->GetThreadList();
     }
 

src/core/debugger/gdbstub.cpp

@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ static std::string EscapeXML(std::string_view data) {
 
 GDBStub::GDBStub(DebuggerBackend& backend_, Core::System& system_)
     : DebuggerFrontend(backend_), system{system_} {
-    if (system.ApplicationProcess()->Is64BitProcess()) {
+    if (system.ApplicationProcess()->Is64Bit()) {
         arch = std::make_unique<GDBStubA64>();
     } else {
         arch = std::make_unique<GDBStubA32>();
@@ -446,10 +446,10 @@ void GDBStub::HandleBreakpointRemove(std::string_view command) {
 // See osdbg_thread_local_region.os.horizon.hpp and osdbg_thread_type.os.horizon.hpp
 
 static std::optional<std::string> GetNameFromThreadType32(Core::Memory::Memory& memory,
-                                                          const Kernel::KThread* thread) {
+                                                          const Kernel::KThread& thread) {
     // Read thread type from TLS
-    const VAddr tls_thread_type{memory.Read32(thread->GetTlsAddress() + 0x1fc)};
+    const VAddr tls_thread_type{memory.Read32(thread.GetTlsAddress() + 0x1fc)};
-    const VAddr argument_thread_type{thread->GetArgument()};
+    const VAddr argument_thread_type{thread.GetArgument()};
 
     if (argument_thread_type && tls_thread_type != argument_thread_type) {
         // Probably not created by nnsdk, no name available.
@@ -477,10 +477,10 @@ static std::optional<std::string> GetNameFromThreadType32(Core::Memory::Memory&
 }
 
 static std::optional<std::string> GetNameFromThreadType64(Core::Memory::Memory& memory,
-                                                          const Kernel::KThread* thread) {
+                                                          const Kernel::KThread& thread) {
     // Read thread type from TLS
-    const VAddr tls_thread_type{memory.Read64(thread->GetTlsAddress() + 0x1f8)};
+    const VAddr tls_thread_type{memory.Read64(thread.GetTlsAddress() + 0x1f8)};
-    const VAddr argument_thread_type{thread->GetArgument()};
+    const VAddr argument_thread_type{thread.GetArgument()};
 
     if (argument_thread_type && tls_thread_type != argument_thread_type) {
         // Probably not created by nnsdk, no name available.
@@ -508,16 +508,16 @@ static std::optional<std::string> GetNameFromThreadType64(Core::Memory::Memory&
 }
 
 static std::optional<std::string> GetThreadName(Core::System& system,
-                                                const Kernel::KThread* thread) {
+                                                const Kernel::KThread& thread) {
-    if (system.ApplicationProcess()->Is64BitProcess()) {
+    if (system.ApplicationProcess()->Is64Bit()) {
         return GetNameFromThreadType64(system.ApplicationMemory(), thread);
     } else {
         return GetNameFromThreadType32(system.ApplicationMemory(), thread);
     }
 }
 
-static std::string_view GetThreadWaitReason(const Kernel::KThread* thread) {
+static std::string_view GetThreadWaitReason(const Kernel::KThread& thread) {
-    switch (thread->GetWaitReasonForDebugging()) {
+    switch (thread.GetWaitReasonForDebugging()) {
     case Kernel::ThreadWaitReasonForDebugging::Sleep:
         return "Sleep";
     case Kernel::ThreadWaitReasonForDebugging::IPC:
@@ -535,8 +535,8 @@ static std::string_view GetThreadWaitReason(const Kernel::KThread* thread) {
     }
 }
 
-static std::string GetThreadState(const Kernel::KThread* thread) {
+static std::string GetThreadState(const Kernel::KThread& thread) {
-    switch (thread->GetState()) {
+    switch (thread.GetState()) {
     case Kernel::ThreadState::Initialized:
         return "Initialized";
     case Kernel::ThreadState::Waiting:
@@ -604,7 +604,7 @@ void GDBStub::HandleQuery(std::string_view command) {
         const auto& threads = system.ApplicationProcess()->GetThreadList();
         std::vector<std::string> thread_ids;
         for (const auto& thread : threads) {
-            thread_ids.push_back(fmt::format("{:x}", thread->GetThreadId()));
+            thread_ids.push_back(fmt::format("{:x}", thread.GetThreadId()));
         }
         SendReply(fmt::format("m{}", fmt::join(thread_ids, ",")));
     } else if (command.starts_with("sThreadInfo")) {
@@ -616,14 +616,14 @@ void GDBStub::HandleQuery(std::string_view command) {
         buffer += "<threads>";
 
         const auto& threads = system.ApplicationProcess()->GetThreadList();
-        for (const auto* thread : threads) {
+        for (const auto& thread : threads) {
             auto thread_name{GetThreadName(system, thread)};
             if (!thread_name) {
-                thread_name = fmt::format("Thread {:d}", thread->GetThreadId());
+                thread_name = fmt::format("Thread {:d}", thread.GetThreadId());
             }
 
             buffer += fmt::format(R"(<thread id="{:x}" core="{:d}" name="{}">{}</thread>)",
-                                  thread->GetThreadId(), thread->GetActiveCore(),
+                                  thread.GetThreadId(), thread.GetActiveCore(),
                                   EscapeXML(*thread_name), GetThreadState(thread));
         }
 
@@ -850,10 +850,10 @@ void GDBStub::HandleRcmd(const std::vector<u8>& command) {
 }
 
 Kernel::KThread* GDBStub::GetThreadByID(u64 thread_id) {
-    const auto& threads{system.ApplicationProcess()->GetThreadList()};
+    auto& threads{system.ApplicationProcess()->GetThreadList()};
-    for (auto* thread : threads) {
+    for (auto& thread : threads) {
-        if (thread->GetThreadId() == thread_id) {
+        if (thread.GetThreadId() == thread_id) {
-            return thread;
+            return std::addressof(thread);
         }
     }
 

src/core/file_sys/program_metadata.cpp

@@ -104,16 +104,16 @@ Loader::ResultStatus ProgramMetadata::Reload(VirtualFile file) {
 }
 
 /*static*/ ProgramMetadata ProgramMetadata::GetDefault() {
-    // Allow use of cores 0~3 and thread priorities 1~63.
+    // Allow use of cores 0~3 and thread priorities 16~63.
-    constexpr u32 default_thread_info_capability = 0x30007F7;
+    constexpr u32 default_thread_info_capability = 0x30043F7;
 
     ProgramMetadata result;
 
     result.LoadManual(
         true /*is_64_bit*/, FileSys::ProgramAddressSpaceType::Is39Bit /*address_space*/,
-        0x2c /*main_thread_prio*/, 0 /*main_thread_core*/, 0x00100000 /*main_thread_stack_size*/,
+        0x2c /*main_thread_prio*/, 0 /*main_thread_core*/, 0x100000 /*main_thread_stack_size*/,
-        0 /*title_id*/, 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF /*filesystem_permissions*/,
+        0 /*title_id*/, 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF /*filesystem_permissions*/, 0 /*system_resource_size*/,
-        0x1FE00000 /*system_resource_size*/, {default_thread_info_capability} /*capabilities*/);
+        {default_thread_info_capability} /*capabilities*/);
 
     return result;
 }

src/core/file_sys/program_metadata.h

@@ -73,6 +73,9 @@ public:
     u64 GetFilesystemPermissions() const;
     u32 GetSystemResourceSize() const;
     const KernelCapabilityDescriptors& GetKernelCapabilities() const;
+    const std::array<u8, 0x10>& GetName() const {
+        return npdm_header.application_name;
+    }
 
     void Print() const;
 
@@ -164,14 +167,14 @@ private:
         u32_le unk_size_2;
     };
 
-    Header npdm_header;
+    Header npdm_header{};
-    AciHeader aci_header;
+    AciHeader aci_header{};
-    AcidHeader acid_header;
+    AcidHeader acid_header{};
 
-    FileAccessControl acid_file_access;
+    FileAccessControl acid_file_access{};
-    FileAccessHeader aci_file_access;
+    FileAccessHeader aci_file_access{};
 
-    KernelCapabilityDescriptors aci_kernel_capabilities;
+    KernelCapabilityDescriptors aci_kernel_capabilities{};
 };
 
 } // namespace FileSys

src/core/hle/kernel/board/nintendo/nx/k_system_control.cpp

@@ -8,7 +8,11 @@
 
 #include "core/hle/kernel/board/nintendo/nx/k_system_control.h"
 #include "core/hle/kernel/board/nintendo/nx/secure_monitor.h"
+#include "core/hle/kernel/k_memory_manager.h"
+#include "core/hle/kernel/k_page_table.h"
 #include "core/hle/kernel/k_trace.h"
+#include "core/hle/kernel/kernel.h"
+#include "core/hle/kernel/svc_results.h"
 
 namespace Kernel::Board::Nintendo::Nx {
 
@@ -30,6 +34,8 @@ constexpr const std::size_t RequiredNonSecureSystemMemorySize =
 constexpr const std::size_t RequiredNonSecureSystemMemorySizeWithFatal =
     RequiredNonSecureSystemMemorySize + impl::RequiredNonSecureSystemMemorySizeViFatal;
 
+constexpr const std::size_t SecureAlignment = 128_KiB;
+
 namespace {
 
 using namespace Common::Literals;
@@ -183,4 +189,57 @@ u64 KSystemControl::GenerateRandomRange(u64 min, u64 max) {
     return GenerateUniformRange(min, max, GenerateRandomU64);
 }
 
+size_t KSystemControl::CalculateRequiredSecureMemorySize(size_t size, u32 pool) {
+    if (pool == static_cast<u32>(KMemoryManager::Pool::Applet)) {
+        return 0;
+    } else {
+        // return KSystemControlBase::CalculateRequiredSecureMemorySize(size, pool);
+        return size;
+    }
+}
+
+Result KSystemControl::AllocateSecureMemory(KernelCore& kernel, KVirtualAddress* out, size_t size,
+                                            u32 pool) {
+    // Applet secure memory is handled separately.
+    UNIMPLEMENTED_IF(pool == static_cast<u32>(KMemoryManager::Pool::Applet));
+
+    // Ensure the size is aligned.
+    const size_t alignment =
+        (pool == static_cast<u32>(KMemoryManager::Pool::System) ? PageSize : SecureAlignment);
+    R_UNLESS(Common::IsAligned(size, alignment), ResultInvalidSize);
+
+    // Allocate the memory.
+    const size_t num_pages = size / PageSize;
+    const KPhysicalAddress paddr = kernel.MemoryManager().AllocateAndOpenContinuous(
+        num_pages, alignment / PageSize,
+        KMemoryManager::EncodeOption(static_cast<KMemoryManager::Pool>(pool),
+                                     KMemoryManager::Direction::FromFront));
+    R_UNLESS(paddr != 0, ResultOutOfMemory);
+
+    // Ensure we don't leak references to the memory on error.
+    ON_RESULT_FAILURE {
+        kernel.MemoryManager().Close(paddr, num_pages);
+    };
+
+    // We succeeded.
+    *out = KPageTable::GetHeapVirtualAddress(kernel.MemoryLayout(), paddr);
+    R_SUCCEED();
+}
+
+void KSystemControl::FreeSecureMemory(KernelCore& kernel, KVirtualAddress address, size_t size,
+                                      u32 pool) {
+    // Applet secure memory is handled separately.
+    UNIMPLEMENTED_IF(pool == static_cast<u32>(KMemoryManager::Pool::Applet));
+
+    // Ensure the size is aligned.
+    const size_t alignment =
+        (pool == static_cast<u32>(KMemoryManager::Pool::System) ? PageSize : SecureAlignment);
+    ASSERT(Common::IsAligned(GetInteger(address), alignment));
+    ASSERT(Common::IsAligned(size, alignment));
+
+    // Close the secure region's pages.
+    kernel.MemoryManager().Close(KPageTable::GetHeapPhysicalAddress(kernel.MemoryLayout(), address),
+                                 size / PageSize);
+}
+
 } // namespace Kernel::Board::Nintendo::Nx

src/core/hle/kernel/board/nintendo/nx/k_system_control.h

@@ -4,6 +4,11 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include "core/hle/kernel/k_typed_address.h"
+#include "core/hle/result.h"
+
+namespace Kernel {
+class KernelCore;
+}
 
 namespace Kernel::Board::Nintendo::Nx {
 
@@ -25,8 +30,16 @@ public:
         static std::size_t GetMinimumNonSecureSystemPoolSize();
     };
 
+    // Randomness.
     static u64 GenerateRandomRange(u64 min, u64 max);
     static u64 GenerateRandomU64();
+
+    // Secure Memory.
+    static size_t CalculateRequiredSecureMemorySize(size_t size, u32 pool);
+    static Result AllocateSecureMemory(KernelCore& kernel, KVirtualAddress* out, size_t size,
+                                       u32 pool);
+    static void FreeSecureMemory(KernelCore& kernel, KVirtualAddress address, size_t size,
+                                 u32 pool);
 };
 
 } // namespace Kernel::Board::Nintendo::Nx

src/core/hle/kernel/k_capabilities.h

@@ -200,8 +200,8 @@ private:
 
         RawCapabilityValue raw;
         BitField<0, 15, CapabilityType> id;
-        BitField<15, 4, u32> major_version;
+        BitField<15, 4, u32> minor_version;
-        BitField<19, 13, u32> minor_version;
+        BitField<19, 13, u32> major_version;
     };
 
     union HandleTable {

src/core/hle/kernel/k_condition_variable.cpp

@@ -107,12 +107,12 @@ KConditionVariable::KConditionVariable(Core::System& system)
 
 KConditionVariable::~KConditionVariable() = default;
 
-Result KConditionVariable::SignalToAddress(KProcessAddress addr) {
+Result KConditionVariable::SignalToAddress(KernelCore& kernel, KProcessAddress addr) {
-    KThread* owner_thread = GetCurrentThreadPointer(m_kernel);
+    KThread* owner_thread = GetCurrentThreadPointer(kernel);
 
     // Signal the address.
     {
-        KScopedSchedulerLock sl(m_kernel);
+        KScopedSchedulerLock sl(kernel);
 
         // Remove waiter thread.
         bool has_waiters{};
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ Result KConditionVariable::SignalToAddress(KProcessAddress addr) {
 
         // Write the value to userspace.
         Result result{ResultSuccess};
-        if (WriteToUser(m_kernel, addr, std::addressof(next_value))) [[likely]] {
+        if (WriteToUser(kernel, addr, std::addressof(next_value))) [[likely]] {
             result = ResultSuccess;
         } else {
             result = ResultInvalidCurrentMemory;
@@ -148,28 +148,28 @@ Result KConditionVariable::SignalToAddress(KProcessAddress addr) {
     }
 }
 
-Result KConditionVariable::WaitForAddress(Handle handle, KProcessAddress addr, u32 value) {
+Result KConditionVariable::WaitForAddress(KernelCore& kernel, Handle handle, KProcessAddress addr,
-    KThread* cur_thread = GetCurrentThreadPointer(m_kernel);
+                                          u32 value) {
-    ThreadQueueImplForKConditionVariableWaitForAddress wait_queue(m_kernel);
+    KThread* cur_thread = GetCurrentThreadPointer(kernel);
+    ThreadQueueImplForKConditionVariableWaitForAddress wait_queue(kernel);
 
     // Wait for the address.
     KThread* owner_thread{};
     {
-        KScopedSchedulerLock sl(m_kernel);
+        KScopedSchedulerLock sl(kernel);
 
         // Check if the thread should terminate.
         R_UNLESS(!cur_thread->IsTerminationRequested(), ResultTerminationRequested);
 
         // Read the tag from userspace.
         u32 test_tag{};
-        R_UNLESS(ReadFromUser(m_kernel, std::addressof(test_tag), addr),
+        R_UNLESS(ReadFromUser(kernel, std::addressof(test_tag), addr), ResultInvalidCurrentMemory);
-                 ResultInvalidCurrentMemory);
 
         // If the tag isn't the handle (with wait mask), we're done.
         R_SUCCEED_IF(test_tag != (handle | Svc::HandleWaitMask));
 
         // Get the lock owner thread.
-        owner_thread = GetCurrentProcess(m_kernel)
+        owner_thread = GetCurrentProcess(kernel)
                            .GetHandleTable()
                            .GetObjectWithoutPseudoHandle<KThread>(handle)
                            .ReleasePointerUnsafe();

src/core/hle/kernel/k_condition_variable.h

@@ -24,11 +24,12 @@ public:
     explicit KConditionVariable(Core::System& system);
     ~KConditionVariable();
 
-    // Arbitration
+    // Arbitration.
-    Result SignalToAddress(KProcessAddress addr);
+    static Result SignalToAddress(KernelCore& kernel, KProcessAddress addr);
-    Result WaitForAddress(Handle handle, KProcessAddress addr, u32 value);
+    static Result WaitForAddress(KernelCore& kernel, Handle handle, KProcessAddress addr,
+                                 u32 value);
 
-    // Condition variable
+    // Condition variable.
     void Signal(u64 cv_key, s32 count);
     Result Wait(KProcessAddress addr, u64 key, u32 value, s64 timeout);
 

src/core/hle/kernel/k_interrupt_manager.cpp

@@ -22,7 +22,7 @@ void HandleInterrupt(KernelCore& kernel, s32 core_id) {
             KScopedSchedulerLock sl{kernel};
 
             // Pin the current thread.
-            process->PinCurrentThread(core_id);
+            process->PinCurrentThread();
 
             // Set the interrupt flag for the thread.
             GetCurrentThread(kernel).SetInterruptFlag();

src/core/hle/kernel/k_memory_manager.cpp

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include "core/hle/kernel/initial_process.h"
 #include "core/hle/kernel/k_memory_manager.h"
 #include "core/hle/kernel/k_page_group.h"
+#include "core/hle/kernel/k_page_table.h"
 #include "core/hle/kernel/kernel.h"
 #include "core/hle/kernel/svc_results.h"
 
@@ -168,11 +169,37 @@ void KMemoryManager::Initialize(KVirtualAddress management_region, size_t manage
 }
 
 Result KMemoryManager::InitializeOptimizedMemory(u64 process_id, Pool pool) {
-    UNREACHABLE();
+    const u32 pool_index = static_cast<u32>(pool);
+
+    // Lock the pool.
+    KScopedLightLock lk(m_pool_locks[pool_index]);
+
+    // Check that we don't already have an optimized process.
+    R_UNLESS(!m_has_optimized_process[pool_index], ResultBusy);
+
+    // Set the optimized process id.
+    m_optimized_process_ids[pool_index] = process_id;
+    m_has_optimized_process[pool_index] = true;
+
+    // Clear the management area for the optimized process.
+    for (auto* manager = this->GetFirstManager(pool, Direction::FromFront); manager != nullptr;
+         manager = this->GetNextManager(manager, Direction::FromFront)) {
+        manager->InitializeOptimizedMemory(m_system.Kernel());
+    }
+
+    R_SUCCEED();
 }
 
 void KMemoryManager::FinalizeOptimizedMemory(u64 process_id, Pool pool) {
-    UNREACHABLE();
+    const u32 pool_index = static_cast<u32>(pool);
+
+    // Lock the pool.
+    KScopedLightLock lk(m_pool_locks[pool_index]);
+
+    // If the process was optimized, clear it.
+    if (m_has_optimized_process[pool_index] && m_optimized_process_ids[pool_index] == process_id) {
+        m_has_optimized_process[pool_index] = false;
+    }
 }
 
 KPhysicalAddress KMemoryManager::AllocateAndOpenContinuous(size_t num_pages, size_t align_pages,
@@ -207,7 +234,7 @@ KPhysicalAddress KMemoryManager::AllocateAndOpenContinuous(size_t num_pages, siz
 
     // Maintain the optimized memory bitmap, if we should.
     if (m_has_optimized_process[static_cast<size_t>(pool)]) {
-        UNIMPLEMENTED();
+        chosen_manager->TrackUnoptimizedAllocation(m_system.Kernel(), allocated_block, num_pages);
     }
 
     // Open the first reference to the pages.
@@ -255,7 +282,8 @@ Result KMemoryManager::AllocatePageGroupImpl(KPageGroup* out, size_t num_pages,
 
                 // Maintain the optimized memory bitmap, if we should.
                 if (unoptimized) {
-                    UNIMPLEMENTED();
+                    cur_manager->TrackUnoptimizedAllocation(m_system.Kernel(), allocated_block,
+                                                            pages_per_alloc);
                 }
 
                 num_pages -= pages_per_alloc;
@@ -358,8 +386,8 @@ Result KMemoryManager::AllocateForProcess(KPageGroup* out, size_t num_pages, u32
                     // Process part or all of the block.
                     const size_t cur_pages =
                         std::min(remaining_pages, manager.GetPageOffsetToEnd(cur_address));
-                    any_new =
+                    any_new = manager.ProcessOptimizedAllocation(m_system.Kernel(), cur_address,
-                        manager.ProcessOptimizedAllocation(cur_address, cur_pages, fill_pattern);
+                                                                 cur_pages, fill_pattern);
 
                     // Advance.
                     cur_address += cur_pages * PageSize;
@@ -382,7 +410,7 @@ Result KMemoryManager::AllocateForProcess(KPageGroup* out, size_t num_pages, u32
                     // Track some or all of the current pages.
                     const size_t cur_pages =
                         std::min(remaining_pages, manager.GetPageOffsetToEnd(cur_address));
-                    manager.TrackOptimizedAllocation(cur_address, cur_pages);
+                    manager.TrackOptimizedAllocation(m_system.Kernel(), cur_address, cur_pages);
 
                     // Advance.
                     cur_address += cur_pages * PageSize;
@@ -427,17 +455,86 @@ size_t KMemoryManager::Impl::Initialize(KPhysicalAddress address, size_t size,
     return total_management_size;
 }
 
-void KMemoryManager::Impl::TrackUnoptimizedAllocation(KPhysicalAddress block, size_t num_pages) {
+void KMemoryManager::Impl::InitializeOptimizedMemory(KernelCore& kernel) {
-    UNREACHABLE();
+    auto optimize_pa =
+        KPageTable::GetHeapPhysicalAddress(kernel.MemoryLayout(), m_management_region);
+    auto* optimize_map = kernel.System().DeviceMemory().GetPointer<u64>(optimize_pa);
+
+    std::memset(optimize_map, 0, CalculateOptimizedProcessOverheadSize(m_heap.GetSize()));
 }
 
-void KMemoryManager::Impl::TrackOptimizedAllocation(KPhysicalAddress block, size_t num_pages) {
+void KMemoryManager::Impl::TrackUnoptimizedAllocation(KernelCore& kernel, KPhysicalAddress block,
-    UNREACHABLE();
+                                                      size_t num_pages) {
+    auto optimize_pa =
+        KPageTable::GetHeapPhysicalAddress(kernel.MemoryLayout(), m_management_region);
+    auto* optimize_map = kernel.System().DeviceMemory().GetPointer<u64>(optimize_pa);
+
+    // Get the range we're tracking.
+    size_t offset = this->GetPageOffset(block);
+    const size_t last = offset + num_pages - 1;
+
+    // Track.
+    while (offset <= last) {
+        // Mark the page as not being optimized-allocated.
+        optimize_map[offset / Common::BitSize<u64>()] &=
+            ~(u64(1) << (offset % Common::BitSize<u64>()));
+
+        offset++;
+    }
 }
 
-bool KMemoryManager::Impl::ProcessOptimizedAllocation(KPhysicalAddress block, size_t num_pages,
+void KMemoryManager::Impl::TrackOptimizedAllocation(KernelCore& kernel, KPhysicalAddress block,
-                                                      u8 fill_pattern) {
+                                                    size_t num_pages) {
-    UNREACHABLE();
+    auto optimize_pa =
+        KPageTable::GetHeapPhysicalAddress(kernel.MemoryLayout(), m_management_region);
+    auto* optimize_map = kernel.System().DeviceMemory().GetPointer<u64>(optimize_pa);
+
+    // Get the range we're tracking.
+    size_t offset = this->GetPageOffset(block);
+    const size_t last = offset + num_pages - 1;
+
+    // Track.
+    while (offset <= last) {
+        // Mark the page as being optimized-allocated.
+        optimize_map[offset / Common::BitSize<u64>()] |=
+            (u64(1) << (offset % Common::BitSize<u64>()));
+
+        offset++;
+    }
+}
+
+bool KMemoryManager::Impl::ProcessOptimizedAllocation(KernelCore& kernel, KPhysicalAddress block,
+                                                      size_t num_pages, u8 fill_pattern) {
+    auto& device_memory = kernel.System().DeviceMemory();
+    auto optimize_pa =
+        KPageTable::GetHeapPhysicalAddress(kernel.MemoryLayout(), m_management_region);
+    auto* optimize_map = device_memory.GetPointer<u64>(optimize_pa);
+
+    // We want to return whether any pages were newly allocated.
+    bool any_new = false;
+
+    // Get the range we're processing.
+    size_t offset = this->GetPageOffset(block);
+    const size_t last = offset + num_pages - 1;
+
+    // Process.
+    while (offset <= last) {
+        // Check if the page has been optimized-allocated before.
+        if ((optimize_map[offset / Common::BitSize<u64>()] &
+             (u64(1) << (offset % Common::BitSize<u64>()))) == 0) {
+            // If not, it's new.
+            any_new = true;
+
+            // Fill the page.
+            auto* ptr = device_memory.GetPointer<u8>(m_heap.GetAddress());
+            std::memset(ptr + offset * PageSize, fill_pattern, PageSize);
+        }
+
+        offset++;
+    }
+
+    // Return the number of pages we processed.
+    return any_new;
 }
 
 size_t KMemoryManager::Impl::CalculateManagementOverheadSize(size_t region_size) {

src/core/hle/kernel/k_memory_manager.h

@@ -216,14 +216,14 @@ private:
             m_heap.SetInitialUsedSize(reserved_size);
         }
 
-        void InitializeOptimizedMemory() {
+        void InitializeOptimizedMemory(KernelCore& kernel);
-            UNIMPLEMENTED();
-        }
 
-        void TrackUnoptimizedAllocation(KPhysicalAddress block, size_t num_pages);
+        void TrackUnoptimizedAllocation(KernelCore& kernel, KPhysicalAddress block,
-        void TrackOptimizedAllocation(KPhysicalAddress block, size_t num_pages);
+                                        size_t num_pages);
+        void TrackOptimizedAllocation(KernelCore& kernel, KPhysicalAddress block, size_t num_pages);
 
-        bool ProcessOptimizedAllocation(KPhysicalAddress block, size_t num_pages, u8 fill_pattern);
+        bool ProcessOptimizedAllocation(KernelCore& kernel, KPhysicalAddress block,
+                                        size_t num_pages, u8 fill_pattern);
 
         constexpr Pool GetPool() const {
             return m_pool;

src/core/hle/kernel/k_page_table.cpp

@@ -82,14 +82,14 @@ public:
 
 using namespace Common::Literals;
 
-constexpr size_t GetAddressSpaceWidthFromType(FileSys::ProgramAddressSpaceType as_type) {
+constexpr size_t GetAddressSpaceWidthFromType(Svc::CreateProcessFlag as_type) {
     switch (as_type) {
-    case FileSys::ProgramAddressSpaceType::Is32Bit:
+    case Svc::CreateProcessFlag::AddressSpace32Bit:
-    case FileSys::ProgramAddressSpaceType::Is32BitNoMap:
+    case Svc::CreateProcessFlag::AddressSpace32BitWithoutAlias:
         return 32;
-    case FileSys::ProgramAddressSpaceType::Is36Bit:
+    case Svc::CreateProcessFlag::AddressSpace64BitDeprecated:
         return 36;
-    case FileSys::ProgramAddressSpaceType::Is39Bit:
+    case Svc::CreateProcessFlag::AddressSpace64Bit:
         return 39;
     default:
         ASSERT(false);
@@ -105,7 +105,7 @@ KPageTable::KPageTable(Core::System& system_)
 
 KPageTable::~KPageTable() = default;
 
-Result KPageTable::InitializeForProcess(FileSys::ProgramAddressSpaceType as_type, bool enable_aslr,
+Result KPageTable::InitializeForProcess(Svc::CreateProcessFlag as_type, bool enable_aslr,
                                         bool enable_das_merge, bool from_back,
                                         KMemoryManager::Pool pool, KProcessAddress code_addr,
                                         size_t code_size, KSystemResource* system_resource,
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ Result KPageTable::InitializeForProcess(FileSys::ProgramAddressSpaceType as_type
     ASSERT(code_addr + code_size - 1 <= end - 1);
 
     // Adjust heap/alias size if we don't have an alias region
-    if (as_type == FileSys::ProgramAddressSpaceType::Is32BitNoMap) {
+    if (as_type == Svc::CreateProcessFlag::AddressSpace32BitWithoutAlias) {
         heap_region_size += alias_region_size;
         alias_region_size = 0;
     }

src/core/hle/kernel/k_page_table.h

@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ public:
     explicit KPageTable(Core::System& system_);
     ~KPageTable();
 
-    Result InitializeForProcess(FileSys::ProgramAddressSpaceType as_type, bool enable_aslr,
+    Result InitializeForProcess(Svc::CreateProcessFlag as_type, bool enable_aslr,
                                 bool enable_das_merge, bool from_back, KMemoryManager::Pool pool,
                                 KProcessAddress code_addr, size_t code_size,
                                 KSystemResource* system_resource, KResourceLimit* resource_limit,
@@ -400,7 +400,7 @@ public:
     constexpr size_t GetAliasCodeRegionSize() const {
         return m_alias_code_region_end - m_alias_code_region_start;
     }
-    size_t GetNormalMemorySize() {
+    size_t GetNormalMemorySize() const {
         KScopedLightLock lk(m_general_lock);
         return GetHeapSize() + m_mapped_physical_memory_size;
     }

src/core/hle/kernel/k_process.h

@@ -1,59 +1,23 @@
-// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: 2015 Citra Emulator Project
+// SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2023 yuzu Emulator Project
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <array>
-#include <cstddef>
-#include <list>
 #include <map>
-#include <string>
+
+#include "core/hle/kernel/code_set.h"
 #include "core/hle/kernel/k_address_arbiter.h"
-#include "core/hle/kernel/k_auto_object.h"
+#include "core/hle/kernel/k_capabilities.h"
 #include "core/hle/kernel/k_condition_variable.h"
 #include "core/hle/kernel/k_handle_table.h"
 #include "core/hle/kernel/k_page_table.h"
-#include "core/hle/kernel/k_synchronization_object.h"
+#include "core/hle/kernel/k_page_table_manager.h"
+#include "core/hle/kernel/k_system_resource.h"
+#include "core/hle/kernel/k_thread.h"
 #include "core/hle/kernel/k_thread_local_page.h"
-#include "core/hle/kernel/k_typed_address.h"
-#include "core/hle/kernel/k_worker_task.h"
-#include "core/hle/kernel/process_capability.h"
-#include "core/hle/kernel/slab_helpers.h"
-#include "core/hle/result.h"
-
-namespace Core {
-namespace Memory {
-class Memory;
-};
-
-class System;
-} // namespace Core
-
-namespace FileSys {
-class ProgramMetadata;
-}
 
 namespace Kernel {
 
-class KernelCore;
-class KResourceLimit;
-class KThread;
-class KSharedMemoryInfo;
-class TLSPage;
-
-struct CodeSet;
-
-enum class MemoryRegion : u16 {
-    APPLICATION = 1,
-    SYSTEM = 2,
-    BASE = 3,
-};
-
-enum class ProcessActivity : u32 {
-    Runnable,
-    Paused,
-};
-
 enum class DebugWatchpointType : u8 {
     None = 0,
     Read = 1 << 0,
@@ -72,9 +36,6 @@ class KProcess final : public KAutoObjectWithSlabHeapAndContainer<KProcess, KWor
     KERNEL_AUTOOBJECT_TRAITS(KProcess, KSynchronizationObject);
 
 public:
-    explicit KProcess(KernelCore& kernel);
-    ~KProcess() override;
-
     enum class State {
         Created = static_cast<u32>(Svc::ProcessState::Created),
         CreatedAttached = static_cast<u32>(Svc::ProcessState::CreatedAttached),
@@ -86,337 +47,83 @@ public:
         DebugBreak = static_cast<u32>(Svc::ProcessState::DebugBreak),
     };
 
-    enum : u64 {
+    using ThreadList = Common::IntrusiveListMemberTraits<&KThread::m_process_list_node>::ListType;
-        /// Lowest allowed process ID for a kernel initial process.
-        InitialKIPIDMin = 1,
-        /// Highest allowed process ID for a kernel initial process.
-        InitialKIPIDMax = 80,
 
-        /// Lowest allowed process ID for a userland process.
+    static constexpr size_t AslrAlignment = 2_MiB;
-        ProcessIDMin = 81,
-        /// Highest allowed process ID for a userland process.
-        ProcessIDMax = 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF,
-    };
 
-    // Used to determine how process IDs are assigned.
+public:
-    enum class ProcessType {
+    static constexpr u64 InitialProcessIdMin = 1;
-        KernelInternal,
+    static constexpr u64 InitialProcessIdMax = 0x50;
-        Userland,
-    };
 
-    static constexpr std::size_t RANDOM_ENTROPY_SIZE = 4;
+    static constexpr u64 ProcessIdMin = InitialProcessIdMax + 1;
-
+    static constexpr u64 ProcessIdMax = std::numeric_limits<u64>::max();
-    static Result Initialize(KProcess* process, Core::System& system, std::string process_name,
-                             ProcessType type, KResourceLimit* res_limit);
-
-    /// Gets a reference to the process' page table.
-    KPageTable& GetPageTable() {
-        return m_page_table;
-    }
-
-    /// Gets const a reference to the process' page table.
-    const KPageTable& GetPageTable() const {
-        return m_page_table;
-    }
-
-    /// Gets a reference to the process' handle table.
-    KHandleTable& GetHandleTable() {
-        return m_handle_table;
-    }
-
-    /// Gets a const reference to the process' handle table.
-    const KHandleTable& GetHandleTable() const {
-        return m_handle_table;
-    }
-
-    /// Gets a reference to process's memory.
-    Core::Memory::Memory& GetMemory() const;
-
-    Result SignalToAddress(KProcessAddress address) {
-        return m_condition_var.SignalToAddress(address);
-    }
-
-    Result WaitForAddress(Handle handle, KProcessAddress address, u32 tag) {
-        return m_condition_var.WaitForAddress(handle, address, tag);
-    }
-
-    void SignalConditionVariable(u64 cv_key, int32_t count) {
-        return m_condition_var.Signal(cv_key, count);
-    }
-
-    Result WaitConditionVariable(KProcessAddress address, u64 cv_key, u32 tag, s64 ns) {
-        R_RETURN(m_condition_var.Wait(address, cv_key, tag, ns));
-    }
-
-    Result SignalAddressArbiter(uint64_t address, Svc::SignalType signal_type, s32 value,
-                                s32 count) {
-        R_RETURN(m_address_arbiter.SignalToAddress(address, signal_type, value, count));
-    }
-
-    Result WaitAddressArbiter(uint64_t address, Svc::ArbitrationType arb_type, s32 value,
-                              s64 timeout) {
-        R_RETURN(m_address_arbiter.WaitForAddress(address, arb_type, value, timeout));
-    }
-
-    KProcessAddress GetProcessLocalRegionAddress() const {
-        return m_plr_address;
-    }
-
-    /// Gets the current status of the process
-    State GetState() const {
-        return m_state;
-    }
-
-    /// Gets the unique ID that identifies this particular process.
-    u64 GetProcessId() const {
-        return m_process_id;
-    }
-
-    /// Gets the program ID corresponding to this process.
-    u64 GetProgramId() const {
-        return m_program_id;
-    }
-
-    KProcessAddress GetEntryPoint() const {
-        return m_code_address;
-    }
-
-    /// Gets the resource limit descriptor for this process
-    KResourceLimit* GetResourceLimit() const;
-
-    /// Gets the ideal CPU core ID for this process
-    u8 GetIdealCoreId() const {
-        return m_ideal_core;
-    }
-
-    /// Checks if the specified thread priority is valid.
-    bool CheckThreadPriority(s32 prio) const {
-        return ((1ULL << prio) & GetPriorityMask()) != 0;
-    }
-
-    /// Gets the bitmask of allowed cores that this process' threads can run on.
-    u64 GetCoreMask() const {
-        return m_capabilities.GetCoreMask();
-    }
-
-    /// Gets the bitmask of allowed thread priorities.
-    u64 GetPriorityMask() const {
-        return m_capabilities.GetPriorityMask();
-    }
-
-    /// Gets the amount of secure memory to allocate for memory management.
-    u32 GetSystemResourceSize() const {
-        return m_system_resource_size;
-    }
-
-    /// Gets the amount of secure memory currently in use for memory management.
-    u32 GetSystemResourceUsage() const {
-        // On hardware, this returns the amount of system resource memory that has
-        // been used by the kernel. This is problematic for Yuzu to emulate, because
-        // system resource memory is used for page tables -- and yuzu doesn't really
-        // have a way to calculate how much memory is required for page tables for
-        // the current process at any given time.
-        // TODO: Is this even worth implementing? Games may retrieve this value via
-        // an SDK function that gets used + available system resource size for debug
-        // or diagnostic purposes. However, it seems unlikely that a game would make
-        // decisions based on how much system memory is dedicated to its page tables.
-        // Is returning a value other than zero wise?
-        return 0;
-    }
-
-    /// Whether this process is an AArch64 or AArch32 process.
-    bool Is64BitProcess() const {
-        return m_is_64bit_process;
-    }
-
-    bool IsSuspended() const {
-        return m_is_suspended;
-    }
-
-    void SetSuspended(bool suspended) {
-        m_is_suspended = suspended;
-    }
-
-    /// Gets the total running time of the process instance in ticks.
-    u64 GetCPUTimeTicks() const {
-        return m_total_process_running_time_ticks;
-    }
-
-    /// Updates the total running time, adding the given ticks to it.
-    void UpdateCPUTimeTicks(u64 ticks) {
-        m_total_process_running_time_ticks += ticks;
-    }
-
-    /// Gets the process schedule count, used for thread yielding
-    s64 GetScheduledCount() const {
-        return m_schedule_count;
-    }
-
-    /// Increments the process schedule count, used for thread yielding.
-    void IncrementScheduledCount() {
-        ++m_schedule_count;
-    }
-
-    void IncrementRunningThreadCount();
-    void DecrementRunningThreadCount();
-
-    void SetRunningThread(s32 core, KThread* thread, u64 idle_count) {
-        m_running_threads[core] = thread;
-        m_running_thread_idle_counts[core] = idle_count;
-    }
-
-    void ClearRunningThread(KThread* thread) {
-        for (size_t i = 0; i < m_running_threads.size(); ++i) {
-            if (m_running_threads[i] == thread) {
-                m_running_threads[i] = nullptr;
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    [[nodiscard]] KThread* GetRunningThread(s32 core) const {
-        return m_running_threads[core];
-    }
-
-    bool ReleaseUserException(KThread* thread);
-
-    [[nodiscard]] KThread* GetPinnedThread(s32 core_id) const {
-        ASSERT(0 <= core_id && core_id < static_cast<s32>(Core::Hardware::NUM_CPU_CORES));
-        return m_pinned_threads[core_id];
-    }
-
-    /// Gets 8 bytes of random data for svcGetInfo RandomEntropy
-    u64 GetRandomEntropy(std::size_t index) const {
-        return m_random_entropy.at(index);
-    }
-
-    /// Retrieves the total physical memory available to this process in bytes.
-    u64 GetTotalPhysicalMemoryAvailable();
-
-    /// Retrieves the total physical memory available to this process in bytes,
-    /// without the size of the personal system resource heap added to it.
-    u64 GetTotalPhysicalMemoryAvailableWithoutSystemResource();
-
-    /// Retrieves the total physical memory used by this process in bytes.
-    u64 GetTotalPhysicalMemoryUsed();
-
-    /// Retrieves the total physical memory used by this process in bytes,
-    /// without the size of the personal system resource heap added to it.
-    u64 GetTotalPhysicalMemoryUsedWithoutSystemResource();
-
-    /// Gets the list of all threads created with this process as their owner.
-    std::list<KThread*>& GetThreadList() {
-        return m_thread_list;
-    }
-
-    /// Registers a thread as being created under this process,
-    /// adding it to this process' thread list.
-    void RegisterThread(KThread* thread);
-
-    /// Unregisters a thread from this process, removing it
-    /// from this process' thread list.
-    void UnregisterThread(KThread* thread);
-
-    /// Retrieves the number of available threads for this process.
-    u64 GetFreeThreadCount() const;
-
-    /// Clears the signaled state of the process if and only if it's signaled.
-    ///
-    /// @pre The process must not be already terminated. If this is called on a
-    ///      terminated process, then ResultInvalidState will be returned.
-    ///
-    /// @pre The process must be in a signaled state. If this is called on a
-    ///      process instance that is not signaled, ResultInvalidState will be
-    ///      returned.
-    Result Reset();
-
-    /**
-     * Loads process-specifics configuration info with metadata provided
-     * by an executable.
-     *
-     * @param metadata The provided metadata to load process specific info from.
-     *
-     * @returns ResultSuccess if all relevant metadata was able to be
-     *          loaded and parsed. Otherwise, an error code is returned.
-     */
-    Result LoadFromMetadata(const FileSys::ProgramMetadata& metadata, std::size_t code_size,
-                            bool is_hbl);
-
-    /**
-     * Starts the main application thread for this process.
-     *
-     * @param main_thread_priority The priority for the main thread.
-     * @param stack_size           The stack size for the main thread in bytes.
-     */
-    void Run(s32 main_thread_priority, u64 stack_size);
-
-    /**
-     * Prepares a process for termination by stopping all of its threads
-     * and clearing any other resources.
-     */
-    void PrepareForTermination();
-
-    void LoadModule(CodeSet code_set, KProcessAddress base_addr);
-
-    bool IsInitialized() const override {
-        return m_is_initialized;
-    }
-
-    static void PostDestroy(uintptr_t arg) {}
-
-    void Finalize() override;
-
-    u64 GetId() const override {
-        return GetProcessId();
-    }
-
-    bool IsHbl() const {
-        return m_is_hbl;
-    }
-
-    bool IsSignaled() const override;
-
-    void DoWorkerTaskImpl();
-
-    Result SetActivity(ProcessActivity activity);
-
-    void PinCurrentThread(s32 core_id);
-    void UnpinCurrentThread(s32 core_id);
-    void UnpinThread(KThread* thread);
-
-    KLightLock& GetStateLock() {
-        return m_state_lock;
-    }
-
-    Result AddSharedMemory(KSharedMemory* shmem, KProcessAddress address, size_t size);
-    void RemoveSharedMemory(KSharedMemory* shmem, KProcessAddress address, size_t size);
-
-    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-    // Thread-local storage management
-
-    // Marks the next available region as used and returns the address of the slot.
-    [[nodiscard]] Result CreateThreadLocalRegion(KProcessAddress* out);
-
-    // Frees a used TLS slot identified by the given address
-    Result DeleteThreadLocalRegion(KProcessAddress addr);
-
-    ///////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
-    // Debug watchpoint management
-
-    // Attempts to insert a watchpoint into a free slot. Returns false if none are available.
-    bool InsertWatchpoint(KProcessAddress addr, u64 size, DebugWatchpointType type);
-
-    // Attempts to remove the watchpoint specified by the given parameters.
-    bool RemoveWatchpoint(KProcessAddress addr, u64 size, DebugWatchpointType type);
-
-    const std::array<DebugWatchpoint, Core::Hardware::NUM_WATCHPOINTS>& GetWatchpoints() const {
-        return m_watchpoints;
-    }
-
-    const std::string& GetName() {
-        return name;
-    }
 
 private:
+    using SharedMemoryInfoList = Common::IntrusiveListBaseTraits<KSharedMemoryInfo>::ListType;
+    using TLPTree =
+        Common::IntrusiveRedBlackTreeBaseTraits<KThreadLocalPage>::TreeType<KThreadLocalPage>;
+    using TLPIterator = TLPTree::iterator;
+
+private:
+    KPageTable m_page_table;
+    std::atomic<size_t> m_used_kernel_memory_size{};
+    TLPTree m_fully_used_tlp_tree{};
+    TLPTree m_partially_used_tlp_tree{};
+    s32 m_ideal_core_id{};
+    KResourceLimit* m_resource_limit{};
+    KSystemResource* m_system_resource{};
+    size_t m_memory_release_hint{};
+    State m_state{};
+    KLightLock m_state_lock;
+    KLightLock m_list_lock;
+    KConditionVariable m_cond_var;
+    KAddressArbiter m_address_arbiter;
+    std::array<u64, 4> m_entropy{};
+    bool m_is_signaled{};
+    bool m_is_initialized{};
+    bool m_is_application{};
+    bool m_is_default_application_system_resource{};
+    bool m_is_hbl{};
+    std::array<char, 13> m_name{};
+    std::atomic<u16> m_num_running_threads{};
+    Svc::CreateProcessFlag m_flags{};
+    KMemoryManager::Pool m_memory_pool{};
+    s64 m_schedule_count{};
+    KCapabilities m_capabilities{};
+    u64 m_program_id{};
+    u64 m_process_id{};
+    KProcessAddress m_code_address{};
+    size_t m_code_size{};
+    size_t m_main_thread_stack_size{};
+    size_t m_max_process_memory{};
+    u32 m_version{};
+    KHandleTable m_handle_table;
+    KProcessAddress m_plr_address{};
+    KThread* m_exception_thread{};
+    ThreadList m_thread_list{};
+    SharedMemoryInfoList m_shared_memory_list{};
+    bool m_is_suspended{};
+    bool m_is_immortal{};
+    bool m_is_handle_table_initialized{};
+    std::array<KThread*, Core::Hardware::NUM_CPU_CORES> m_running_threads{};
+    std::array<u64, Core::Hardware::NUM_CPU_CORES> m_running_thread_idle_counts{};
+    std::array<u64, Core::Hardware::NUM_CPU_CORES> m_running_thread_switch_counts{};
+    std::array<KThread*, Core::Hardware::NUM_CPU_CORES> m_pinned_threads{};
+    std::array<DebugWatchpoint, Core::Hardware::NUM_WATCHPOINTS> m_watchpoints{};
+    std::map<KProcessAddress, u64> m_debug_page_refcounts{};
+    std::atomic<s64> m_cpu_time{};
+    std::atomic<s64> m_num_process_switches{};
+    std::atomic<s64> m_num_thread_switches{};
+    std::atomic<s64> m_num_fpu_switches{};
+    std::atomic<s64> m_num_supervisor_calls{};
+    std::atomic<s64> m_num_ipc_messages{};
+    std::atomic<s64> m_num_ipc_replies{};
+    std::atomic<s64> m_num_ipc_receives{};
+
+private:
+    Result StartTermination();
+    void FinishTermination();
+
     void PinThread(s32 core_id, KThread* thread) {
         ASSERT(0 <= core_id && core_id < static_cast<s32>(Core::Hardware::NUM_CPU_CORES));
         ASSERT(thread != nullptr);
@@ -431,6 +138,395 @@ private:
         m_pinned_threads[core_id] = nullptr;
     }
 
+public:
+    explicit KProcess(KernelCore& kernel);
+    ~KProcess() override;
+
+    Result Initialize(const Svc::CreateProcessParameter& params, KResourceLimit* res_limit,
+                      bool is_real);
+
+    Result Initialize(const Svc::CreateProcessParameter& params, const KPageGroup& pg,
+                      std::span<const u32> caps, KResourceLimit* res_limit,
+                      KMemoryManager::Pool pool, bool immortal);
+    Result Initialize(const Svc::CreateProcessParameter& params, std::span<const u32> user_caps,
+                      KResourceLimit* res_limit, KMemoryManager::Pool pool);
+    void Exit();
+
+    const char* GetName() const {
+        return m_name.data();
+    }
+
+    u64 GetProgramId() const {
+        return m_program_id;
+    }
+
+    u64 GetProcessId() const {
+        return m_process_id;
+    }
+
+    State GetState() const {
+        return m_state;
+    }
+
+    u64 GetCoreMask() const {
+        return m_capabilities.GetCoreMask();
+    }
+    u64 GetPhysicalCoreMask() const {
+        return m_capabilities.GetPhysicalCoreMask();
+    }
+    u64 GetPriorityMask() const {
+        return m_capabilities.GetPriorityMask();
+    }
+
+    s32 GetIdealCoreId() const {
+        return m_ideal_core_id;
+    }
+    void SetIdealCoreId(s32 core_id) {
+        m_ideal_core_id = core_id;
+    }
+
+    bool CheckThreadPriority(s32 prio) const {
+        return ((1ULL << prio) & this->GetPriorityMask()) != 0;
+    }
+
+    u32 GetCreateProcessFlags() const {
+        return static_cast<u32>(m_flags);
+    }
+
+    bool Is64Bit() const {
+        return True(m_flags & Svc::CreateProcessFlag::Is64Bit);
+    }
+
+    KProcessAddress GetEntryPoint() const {
+        return m_code_address;
+    }
+
+    size_t GetMainStackSize() const {
+        return m_main_thread_stack_size;
+    }
+
+    KMemoryManager::Pool GetMemoryPool() const {
+        return m_memory_pool;
+    }
+
+    u64 GetRandomEntropy(size_t i) const {
+        return m_entropy[i];
+    }
+
+    bool IsApplication() const {
+        return m_is_application;
+    }
+
+    bool IsDefaultApplicationSystemResource() const {
+        return m_is_default_application_system_resource;
+    }
+
+    bool IsSuspended() const {
+        return m_is_suspended;
+    }
+    void SetSuspended(bool suspended) {
+        m_is_suspended = suspended;
+    }
+
+    Result Terminate();
+
+    bool IsTerminated() const {
+        return m_state == State::Terminated;
+    }
+
+    bool IsPermittedSvc(u32 svc_id) const {
+        return m_capabilities.IsPermittedSvc(svc_id);
+    }
+
+    bool IsPermittedInterrupt(s32 interrupt_id) const {
+        return m_capabilities.IsPermittedInterrupt(interrupt_id);
+    }
+
+    bool IsPermittedDebug() const {
+        return m_capabilities.IsPermittedDebug();
+    }
+
+    bool CanForceDebug() const {
+        return m_capabilities.CanForceDebug();
+    }
+
+    bool IsHbl() const {
+        return m_is_hbl;
+    }
+
+    Kernel::KMemoryManager::Direction GetAllocateOption() const {
+        // TODO: property of the KPageTableBase
+        return KMemoryManager::Direction::FromFront;
+    }
+
+    ThreadList& GetThreadList() {
+        return m_thread_list;
+    }
+    const ThreadList& GetThreadList() const {
+        return m_thread_list;
+    }
+
+    bool EnterUserException();
+    bool LeaveUserException();
+    bool ReleaseUserException(KThread* thread);
+
+    KThread* GetPinnedThread(s32 core_id) const {
+        ASSERT(0 <= core_id && core_id < static_cast<s32>(Core::Hardware::NUM_CPU_CORES));
+        return m_pinned_threads[core_id];
+    }
+
+    const Svc::SvcAccessFlagSet& GetSvcPermissions() const {
+        return m_capabilities.GetSvcPermissions();
+    }
+
+    KResourceLimit* GetResourceLimit() const {
+        return m_resource_limit;
+    }
+
+    bool ReserveResource(Svc::LimitableResource which, s64 value);
+    bool ReserveResource(Svc::LimitableResource which, s64 value, s64 timeout);
+    void ReleaseResource(Svc::LimitableResource which, s64 value);
+    void ReleaseResource(Svc::LimitableResource which, s64 value, s64 hint);
+
+    KLightLock& GetStateLock() {
+        return m_state_lock;
+    }
+    KLightLock& GetListLock() {
+        return m_list_lock;
+    }
+
+    KPageTable& GetPageTable() {
+        return m_page_table;
+    }
+    const KPageTable& GetPageTable() const {
+        return m_page_table;
+    }
+
+    KHandleTable& GetHandleTable() {
+        return m_handle_table;
+    }
+    const KHandleTable& GetHandleTable() const {
+        return m_handle_table;
+    }
+
+    size_t GetUsedUserPhysicalMemorySize() const;
+    size_t GetTotalUserPhysicalMemorySize() const;
+    size_t GetUsedNonSystemUserPhysicalMemorySize() const;
+    size_t GetTotalNonSystemUserPhysicalMemorySize() const;
+
+    Result AddSharedMemory(KSharedMemory* shmem, KProcessAddress address, size_t size);
+    void RemoveSharedMemory(KSharedMemory* shmem, KProcessAddress address, size_t size);
+
+    Result CreateThreadLocalRegion(KProcessAddress* out);
+    Result DeleteThreadLocalRegion(KProcessAddress addr);
+
+    KProcessAddress GetProcessLocalRegionAddress() const {
+        return m_plr_address;
+    }
+
+    KThread* GetExceptionThread() const {
+        return m_exception_thread;
+    }
+
+    void AddCpuTime(s64 diff) {
+        m_cpu_time += diff;
+    }
+    s64 GetCpuTime() {
+        return m_cpu_time.load();
+    }
+
+    s64 GetScheduledCount() const {
+        return m_schedule_count;
+    }
+    void IncrementScheduledCount() {
+        ++m_schedule_count;
+    }
+
+    void IncrementRunningThreadCount();
+    void DecrementRunningThreadCount();
+
+    size_t GetRequiredSecureMemorySizeNonDefault() const {
+        if (!this->IsDefaultApplicationSystemResource() && m_system_resource->IsSecureResource()) {
+            auto* secure_system_resource = static_cast<KSecureSystemResource*>(m_system_resource);
+            return secure_system_resource->CalculateRequiredSecureMemorySize();
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    size_t GetRequiredSecureMemorySize() const {
+        if (m_system_resource->IsSecureResource()) {
+            auto* secure_system_resource = static_cast<KSecureSystemResource*>(m_system_resource);
+            return secure_system_resource->CalculateRequiredSecureMemorySize();
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    size_t GetTotalSystemResourceSize() const {
+        if (!this->IsDefaultApplicationSystemResource() && m_system_resource->IsSecureResource()) {
+            auto* secure_system_resource = static_cast<KSecureSystemResource*>(m_system_resource);
+            return secure_system_resource->GetSize();
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    size_t GetUsedSystemResourceSize() const {
+        if (!this->IsDefaultApplicationSystemResource() && m_system_resource->IsSecureResource()) {
+            auto* secure_system_resource = static_cast<KSecureSystemResource*>(m_system_resource);
+            return secure_system_resource->GetUsedSize();
+        }
+
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    void SetRunningThread(s32 core, KThread* thread, u64 idle_count, u64 switch_count) {
+        m_running_threads[core] = thread;
+        m_running_thread_idle_counts[core] = idle_count;
+        m_running_thread_switch_counts[core] = switch_count;
+    }
+
+    void ClearRunningThread(KThread* thread) {
+        for (size_t i = 0; i < m_running_threads.size(); ++i) {
+            if (m_running_threads[i] == thread) {
+                m_running_threads[i] = nullptr;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    const KSystemResource& GetSystemResource() const {
+        return *m_system_resource;
+    }
+
+    const KMemoryBlockSlabManager& GetMemoryBlockSlabManager() const {
+        return m_system_resource->GetMemoryBlockSlabManager();
+    }
+    const KBlockInfoManager& GetBlockInfoManager() const {
+        return m_system_resource->GetBlockInfoManager();
+    }
+    const KPageTableManager& GetPageTableManager() const {
+        return m_system_resource->GetPageTableManager();
+    }
+
+    KThread* GetRunningThread(s32 core) const {
+        return m_running_threads[core];
+    }
+    u64 GetRunningThreadIdleCount(s32 core) const {
+        return m_running_thread_idle_counts[core];
+    }
+    u64 GetRunningThreadSwitchCount(s32 core) const {
+        return m_running_thread_switch_counts[core];
+    }
+
+    void RegisterThread(KThread* thread);
+    void UnregisterThread(KThread* thread);
+
+    Result Run(s32 priority, size_t stack_size);
+
+    Result Reset();
+
+    void SetDebugBreak() {
+        if (m_state == State::RunningAttached) {
+            this->ChangeState(State::DebugBreak);
+        }
+    }
+
+    void SetAttached() {
+        if (m_state == State::DebugBreak) {
+            this->ChangeState(State::RunningAttached);
+        }
+    }
+
+    Result SetActivity(Svc::ProcessActivity activity);
+
+    void PinCurrentThread();
+    void UnpinCurrentThread();
+    void UnpinThread(KThread* thread);
+
+    void SignalConditionVariable(uintptr_t cv_key, int32_t count) {
+        return m_cond_var.Signal(cv_key, count);
+    }
+
+    Result WaitConditionVariable(KProcessAddress address, uintptr_t cv_key, u32 tag, s64 ns) {
+        R_RETURN(m_cond_var.Wait(address, cv_key, tag, ns));
+    }
+
+    Result SignalAddressArbiter(uintptr_t address, Svc::SignalType signal_type, s32 value,
+                                s32 count) {
+        R_RETURN(m_address_arbiter.SignalToAddress(address, signal_type, value, count));
+    }
+
+    Result WaitAddressArbiter(uintptr_t address, Svc::ArbitrationType arb_type, s32 value,
+                              s64 timeout) {
+        R_RETURN(m_address_arbiter.WaitForAddress(address, arb_type, value, timeout));
+    }
+
+    Result GetThreadList(s32* out_num_threads, KProcessAddress out_thread_ids, s32 max_out_count);
+
+    static void Switch(KProcess* cur_process, KProcess* next_process);
+
+public:
+    // Attempts to insert a watchpoint into a free slot. Returns false if none are available.
+    bool InsertWatchpoint(KProcessAddress addr, u64 size, DebugWatchpointType type);
+
+    // Attempts to remove the watchpoint specified by the given parameters.
+    bool RemoveWatchpoint(KProcessAddress addr, u64 size, DebugWatchpointType type);
+
+    const std::array<DebugWatchpoint, Core::Hardware::NUM_WATCHPOINTS>& GetWatchpoints() const {
+        return m_watchpoints;
+    }
+
+public:
+    Result LoadFromMetadata(const FileSys::ProgramMetadata& metadata, std::size_t code_size,
+                            bool is_hbl);
+
+    void LoadModule(CodeSet code_set, KProcessAddress base_addr);
+
+    Core::Memory::Memory& GetMemory() const;
+
+public:
+    // Overridden parent functions.
+    bool IsInitialized() const override {
+        return m_is_initialized;
+    }
+
+    static void PostDestroy(uintptr_t arg) {}
+
+    void Finalize() override;
+
+    u64 GetIdImpl() const {
+        return this->GetProcessId();
+    }
+    u64 GetId() const override {
+        return this->GetIdImpl();
+    }
+
+    virtual bool IsSignaled() const override {
+        ASSERT(KScheduler::IsSchedulerLockedByCurrentThread(m_kernel));
+        return m_is_signaled;
+    }
+
+    void DoWorkerTaskImpl();
+
+private:
+    void ChangeState(State new_state) {
+        if (m_state != new_state) {
+            m_state = new_state;
+            m_is_signaled = true;
+            this->NotifyAvailable();
+        }
+    }
+
+    Result InitializeHandleTable(s32 size) {
+        // Try to initialize the handle table.
+        R_TRY(m_handle_table.Initialize(size));
+
+        // We succeeded, so note that we did.
+        m_is_handle_table_initialized = true;
+        R_SUCCEED();
+    }
+
     void FinalizeHandleTable() {
         // Finalize the table.
         m_handle_table.Finalize();
@@ -438,118 +534,6 @@ private:
         // Note that the table is finalized.
         m_is_handle_table_initialized = false;
     }
-
-    void ChangeState(State new_state);
-
-    /// Allocates the main thread stack for the process, given the stack size in bytes.
-    Result AllocateMainThreadStack(std::size_t stack_size);
-
-    /// Memory manager for this process
-    KPageTable m_page_table;
-
-    /// Current status of the process
-    State m_state{};
-
-    /// The ID of this process
-    u64 m_process_id = 0;
-
-    /// Title ID corresponding to the process
-    u64 m_program_id = 0;
-
-    /// Specifies additional memory to be reserved for the process's memory management by the
-    /// system. When this is non-zero, secure memory is allocated and used for page table allocation
-    /// instead of using the normal global page tables/memory block management.
-    u32 m_system_resource_size = 0;
-
-    /// Resource limit descriptor for this process
-    KResourceLimit* m_resource_limit{};
-
-    KVirtualAddress m_system_resource_address{};
-
-    /// The ideal CPU core for this process, threads are scheduled on this core by default.
-    u8 m_ideal_core = 0;
-
-    /// Contains the parsed process capability descriptors.
-    ProcessCapabilities m_capabilities;
-
-    /// Whether or not this process is AArch64, or AArch32.
-    /// By default, we currently assume this is true, unless otherwise
-    /// specified by metadata provided to the process during loading.
-    bool m_is_64bit_process = true;
-
-    /// Total running time for the process in ticks.
-    std::atomic<u64> m_total_process_running_time_ticks = 0;
-
-    /// Per-process handle table for storing created object handles in.
-    KHandleTable m_handle_table;
-
-    /// Per-process address arbiter.
-    KAddressArbiter m_address_arbiter;
-
-    /// The per-process mutex lock instance used for handling various
-    /// forms of services, such as lock arbitration, and condition
-    /// variable related facilities.
-    KConditionVariable m_condition_var;
-
-    /// Address indicating the location of the process' dedicated TLS region.
-    KProcessAddress m_plr_address = 0;
-
-    /// Address indicating the location of the process's entry point.
-    KProcessAddress m_code_address = 0;
-
-    /// Random values for svcGetInfo RandomEntropy
-    std::array<u64, RANDOM_ENTROPY_SIZE> m_random_entropy{};
-
-    /// List of threads that are running with this process as their owner.
-    std::list<KThread*> m_thread_list;
-
-    /// List of shared memory that are running with this process as their owner.
-    std::list<KSharedMemoryInfo*> m_shared_memory_list;
-
-    /// Address of the top of the main thread's stack
-    KProcessAddress m_main_thread_stack_top{};
-
-    /// Size of the main thread's stack
-    std::size_t m_main_thread_stack_size{};
-
-    /// Memory usage capacity for the process
-    std::size_t m_memory_usage_capacity{};
-
-    /// Process total image size
-    std::size_t m_image_size{};
-
-    /// Schedule count of this process
-    s64 m_schedule_count{};
-
-    size_t m_memory_release_hint{};
-
-    std::string name{};
-
-    bool m_is_signaled{};
-    bool m_is_suspended{};
-    bool m_is_immortal{};
-    bool m_is_handle_table_initialized{};
-    bool m_is_initialized{};
-    bool m_is_hbl{};
-
-    std::atomic<u16> m_num_running_threads{};
-
-    std::array<KThread*, Core::Hardware::NUM_CPU_CORES> m_running_threads{};
-    std::array<u64, Core::Hardware::NUM_CPU_CORES> m_running_thread_idle_counts{};
-    std::array<KThread*, Core::Hardware::NUM_CPU_CORES> m_pinned_threads{};
-    std::array<DebugWatchpoint, Core::Hardware::NUM_WATCHPOINTS> m_watchpoints{};
-    std::map<KProcessAddress, u64> m_debug_page_refcounts;
-
-    KThread* m_exception_thread{};
-
-    KLightLock m_state_lock;
-    KLightLock m_list_lock;
-
-    using TLPTree =
-        Common::IntrusiveRedBlackTreeBaseTraits<KThreadLocalPage>::TreeType<KThreadLocalPage>;
-    using TLPIterator = TLPTree::iterator;
-    TLPTree m_fully_used_tlp_tree;
-    TLPTree m_partially_used_tlp_tree;
 };
 
 } // namespace Kernel

src/core/hle/kernel/k_scheduler.cpp

@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ u64 KScheduler::UpdateHighestPriorityThread(KThread* highest_thread) {
         if (m_state.should_count_idle) {
             if (highest_thread != nullptr) [[likely]] {
                 if (KProcess* process = highest_thread->GetOwnerProcess(); process != nullptr) {
-                    process->SetRunningThread(m_core_id, highest_thread, m_state.idle_count);
+                    process->SetRunningThread(m_core_id, highest_thread, m_state.idle_count, 0);
                 }
             } else {
                 m_state.idle_count++;
@@ -356,7 +356,7 @@ void KScheduler::SwitchThread(KThread* next_thread) {
     const s64 tick_diff = cur_tick - prev_tick;
     cur_thread->AddCpuTime(m_core_id, tick_diff);
     if (cur_process != nullptr) {
-        cur_process->UpdateCPUTimeTicks(tick_diff);
+        cur_process->AddCpuTime(tick_diff);
     }
     m_last_context_switch_time = cur_tick;
 

src/core/hle/kernel/k_system_resource.cpp

@@ -1,25 +1,100 @@
 // SPDX-FileCopyrightText: Copyright 2022 yuzu Emulator Project
 // SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0-or-later
 
+#include "core/core.h"
+#include "core/hle/kernel/k_scoped_resource_reservation.h"
 #include "core/hle/kernel/k_system_resource.h"
 
 namespace Kernel {
 
 Result KSecureSystemResource::Initialize(size_t size, KResourceLimit* resource_limit,
                                          KMemoryManager::Pool pool) {
-    // Unimplemented
+    // Set members.
-    UNREACHABLE();
+    m_resource_limit = resource_limit;
+    m_resource_size = size;
+    m_resource_pool = pool;
+
+    // Determine required size for our secure resource.
+    const size_t secure_size = this->CalculateRequiredSecureMemorySize();
+
+    // Reserve memory for our secure resource.
+    KScopedResourceReservation memory_reservation(
+        m_resource_limit, Svc::LimitableResource::PhysicalMemoryMax, secure_size);
+    R_UNLESS(memory_reservation.Succeeded(), ResultLimitReached);
+
+    // Allocate secure memory.
+    R_TRY(KSystemControl::AllocateSecureMemory(m_kernel, std::addressof(m_resource_address),
+                                               m_resource_size, static_cast<u32>(m_resource_pool)));
+    ASSERT(m_resource_address != 0);
+
+    // Ensure we clean up the secure memory, if we fail past this point.
+    ON_RESULT_FAILURE {
+        KSystemControl::FreeSecureMemory(m_kernel, m_resource_address, m_resource_size,
+                                         static_cast<u32>(m_resource_pool));
+    };
+
+    // Check that our allocation is bigger than the reference counts needed for it.
+    const size_t rc_size =
+        Common::AlignUp(KPageTableSlabHeap::CalculateReferenceCountSize(m_resource_size), PageSize);
+    R_UNLESS(m_resource_size > rc_size, ResultOutOfMemory);
+
+    // Get resource pointer.
+    KPhysicalAddress resource_paddr =
+        KPageTable::GetHeapPhysicalAddress(m_kernel.MemoryLayout(), m_resource_address);
+    auto* resource =
+        m_kernel.System().DeviceMemory().GetPointer<KPageTableManager::RefCount>(resource_paddr);
+
+    // Initialize slab heaps.
+    m_dynamic_page_manager.Initialize(m_resource_address + rc_size, m_resource_size - rc_size,
+                                      PageSize);
+    m_page_table_heap.Initialize(std::addressof(m_dynamic_page_manager), 0, resource);
+    m_memory_block_heap.Initialize(std::addressof(m_dynamic_page_manager), 0);
+    m_block_info_heap.Initialize(std::addressof(m_dynamic_page_manager), 0);
+
+    // Initialize managers.
+    m_page_table_manager.Initialize(std::addressof(m_dynamic_page_manager),
+                                    std::addressof(m_page_table_heap));
+    m_memory_block_slab_manager.Initialize(std::addressof(m_dynamic_page_manager),
+                                           std::addressof(m_memory_block_heap));
+    m_block_info_manager.Initialize(std::addressof(m_dynamic_page_manager),
+                                    std::addressof(m_block_info_heap));
+
+    // Set our managers.
+    this->SetManagers(m_memory_block_slab_manager, m_block_info_manager, m_page_table_manager);
+
+    // Commit the memory reservation.
+    memory_reservation.Commit();
+
+    // Open reference to our resource limit.
+    m_resource_limit->Open();
+
+    // Set ourselves as initialized.
+    m_is_initialized = true;
+
+    R_SUCCEED();
 }
 
 void KSecureSystemResource::Finalize() {
-    // Unimplemented
+    // Check that we have no outstanding allocations.
-    UNREACHABLE();
+    ASSERT(m_memory_block_slab_manager.GetUsed() == 0);
+    ASSERT(m_block_info_manager.GetUsed() == 0);
+    ASSERT(m_page_table_manager.GetUsed() == 0);
+
+    // Free our secure memory.
+    KSystemControl::FreeSecureMemory(m_kernel, m_resource_address, m_resource_size,
+                                     static_cast<u32>(m_resource_pool));
+
+    // Release the memory reservation.
+    m_resource_limit->Release(Svc::LimitableResource::PhysicalMemoryMax,
+                              this->CalculateRequiredSecureMemorySize());
+
+    // Close reference to our resource limit.
+    m_resource_limit->Close();
 }
 
 size_t KSecureSystemResource::CalculateRequiredSecureMemorySize(size_t size,
                                                                 KMemoryManager::Pool pool) {
-    // Unimplemented
+    return KSystemControl::CalculateRequiredSecureMemorySize(size, static_cast<u32>(pool));
-    UNREACHABLE();
 }
 
 } // namespace Kernel

src/core/hle/kernel/k_thread.cpp

@@ -122,16 +122,15 @@ Result KThread::Initialize(KThreadFunction func, uintptr_t arg, KProcessAddress
     case ThreadType::Main:
         ASSERT(arg == 0);
         [[fallthrough]];
-    case ThreadType::HighPriority:
-        [[fallthrough]];
-    case ThreadType::Dummy:
-        [[fallthrough]];
     case ThreadType::User:
         ASSERT(((owner == nullptr) ||
                 (owner->GetCoreMask() | (1ULL << virt_core)) == owner->GetCoreMask()));
         ASSERT(((owner == nullptr) || (prio > Svc::LowestThreadPriority) ||
                 (owner->GetPriorityMask() | (1ULL << prio)) == owner->GetPriorityMask()));
         break;
+    case ThreadType::HighPriority:
+    case ThreadType::Dummy:
+        break;
     case ThreadType::Kernel:
         UNIMPLEMENTED();
         break;
@@ -403,7 +402,7 @@ void KThread::StartTermination() {
     if (m_parent != nullptr) {
         m_parent->ReleaseUserException(this);
         if (m_parent->GetPinnedThread(GetCurrentCoreId(m_kernel)) == this) {
-            m_parent->UnpinCurrentThread(m_core_id);
+            m_parent->UnpinCurrentThread();
         }
     }
 
@@ -820,7 +819,7 @@ void KThread::CloneFpuStatus() {
     ASSERT(this->GetOwnerProcess() != nullptr);
     ASSERT(this->GetOwnerProcess() == GetCurrentProcessPointer(m_kernel));
 
-    if (this->GetOwnerProcess()->Is64BitProcess()) {
+    if (this->GetOwnerProcess()->Is64Bit()) {
         // Clone FPSR and FPCR.
         ThreadContext64 cur_ctx{};
         m_kernel.System().CurrentArmInterface().SaveContext(cur_ctx);
@@ -923,7 +922,7 @@ Result KThread::GetThreadContext3(Common::ScratchBuffer<u8>& out) {
 
         // If we're not terminating, get the thread's user context.
         if (!this->IsTerminationRequested()) {
-            if (m_parent->Is64BitProcess()) {
+            if (m_parent->Is64Bit()) {
                 // Mask away mode bits, interrupt bits, IL bit, and other reserved bits.
                 auto context = GetContext64();
                 context.pstate &= 0xFF0FFE20;
@@ -1174,6 +1173,9 @@ Result KThread::Run() {
             owner->IncrementRunningThreadCount();
         }
 
+        // Open a reference, now that we're running.
+        this->Open();
+
         // Set our state and finish.
         this->SetState(ThreadState::Runnable);
 

src/core/hle/kernel/k_thread.h

@@ -721,6 +721,7 @@ private:
     // For core KThread implementation
     ThreadContext32 m_thread_context_32{};
     ThreadContext64 m_thread_context_64{};
+    Common::IntrusiveListNode m_process_list_node;
     Common::IntrusiveRedBlackTreeNode m_condvar_arbiter_tree_node{};
     s32 m_priority{};
     using ConditionVariableThreadTreeTraits =

src/core/hle/kernel/kernel.cpp

@@ -101,35 +101,31 @@ struct KernelCore::Impl {
 
     void InitializeCores() {
         for (u32 core_id = 0; core_id < Core::Hardware::NUM_CPU_CORES; core_id++) {
-            cores[core_id]->Initialize((*application_process).Is64BitProcess());
+            cores[core_id]->Initialize((*application_process).Is64Bit());
             system.ApplicationMemory().SetCurrentPageTable(*application_process, core_id);
         }
     }
 
-    void CloseApplicationProcess() {
+    void TerminateApplicationProcess() {
-        KProcess* old_process = application_process.exchange(nullptr);
+        application_process.load()->Terminate();
-        if (old_process == nullptr) {
-            return;
-        }
-
-        // old_process->Close();
-        // TODO: The process should be destroyed based on accurate ref counting after
-        // calling Close(). Adding a manual Destroy() call instead to avoid a memory leak.
-        old_process->Finalize();
-        old_process->Destroy();
     }
 
     void Shutdown() {
         is_shutting_down.store(true, std::memory_order_relaxed);
         SCOPE_EXIT({ is_shutting_down.store(false, std::memory_order_relaxed); });
 
-        process_list.clear();
-
         CloseServices();
 
+        auto* old_process = application_process.exchange(nullptr);
+        if (old_process) {
+            old_process->Close();
+        }
+
+        process_list.clear();
+
         next_object_id = 0;
-        next_kernel_process_id = KProcess::InitialKIPIDMin;
+        next_kernel_process_id = KProcess::InitialProcessIdMin;
-        next_user_process_id = KProcess::ProcessIDMin;
+        next_user_process_id = KProcess::ProcessIdMin;
         next_thread_id = 1;
 
         global_handle_table->Finalize();
@@ -176,8 +172,6 @@ struct KernelCore::Impl {
             }
         }
 
-        CloseApplicationProcess();
-
         // Track kernel objects that were not freed on shutdown
         {
             std::scoped_lock lk{registered_objects_lock};
@@ -344,6 +338,8 @@ struct KernelCore::Impl {
         // Create the system page table managers.
         app_system_resource = std::make_unique<KSystemResource>(kernel);
         sys_system_resource = std::make_unique<KSystemResource>(kernel);
+        KAutoObject::Create(std::addressof(*app_system_resource));
+        KAutoObject::Create(std::addressof(*sys_system_resource));
 
         // Set the managers for the system resources.
         app_system_resource->SetManagers(*app_memory_block_manager, *app_block_info_manager,
@@ -368,6 +364,7 @@ struct KernelCore::Impl {
 
     void MakeApplicationProcess(KProcess* process) {
         application_process = process;
+        application_process.load()->Open();
     }
 
     static inline thread_local u8 host_thread_id = UINT8_MAX;
@@ -792,8 +789,8 @@ struct KernelCore::Impl {
     std::mutex registered_in_use_objects_lock;
 
     std::atomic<u32> next_object_id{0};
-    std::atomic<u64> next_kernel_process_id{KProcess::InitialKIPIDMin};
+    std::atomic<u64> next_kernel_process_id{KProcess::InitialProcessIdMin};
-    std::atomic<u64> next_user_process_id{KProcess::ProcessIDMin};
+    std::atomic<u64> next_user_process_id{KProcess::ProcessIdMin};
     std::atomic<u64> next_thread_id{1};
 
     // Lists all processes that exist in the current session.
@@ -924,10 +921,6 @@ const KProcess* KernelCore::ApplicationProcess() const {
     return impl->application_process;
 }
 
-void KernelCore::CloseApplicationProcess() {
-    impl->CloseApplicationProcess();
-}
-
 const std::vector<KProcess*>& KernelCore::GetProcessList() const {
     return impl->process_list;
 }
@@ -1128,8 +1121,8 @@ std::jthread KernelCore::RunOnHostCoreProcess(std::string&& process_name,
                                               std::function<void()> func) {
     // Make a new process.
     KProcess* process = KProcess::Create(*this);
-    ASSERT(R_SUCCEEDED(KProcess::Initialize(process, System(), "", KProcess::ProcessType::Userland,
+    ASSERT(R_SUCCEEDED(
-                                            GetSystemResourceLimit())));
+        process->Initialize(Svc::CreateProcessParameter{}, GetSystemResourceLimit(), false)));
 
     // Ensure that we don't hold onto any extra references.
     SCOPE_EXIT({ process->Close(); });
@@ -1156,8 +1149,8 @@ void KernelCore::RunOnGuestCoreProcess(std::string&& process_name, std::function
 
     // Make a new process.
     KProcess* process = KProcess::Create(*this);
-    ASSERT(R_SUCCEEDED(KProcess::Initialize(process, System(), "", KProcess::ProcessType::Userland,
+    ASSERT(R_SUCCEEDED(
-                                            GetSystemResourceLimit())));
+        process->Initialize(Svc::CreateProcessParameter{}, GetSystemResourceLimit(), false)));
 
     // Ensure that we don't hold onto any extra references.
     SCOPE_EXIT({ process->Close(); });
@@ -1266,7 +1259,8 @@ const Kernel::KSharedMemory& KernelCore::GetHidBusSharedMem() const {
 
 void KernelCore::SuspendApplication(bool suspended) {
     const bool should_suspend{exception_exited || suspended};
-    const auto activity = should_suspend ? ProcessActivity::Paused : ProcessActivity::Runnable;
+    const auto activity =
+        should_suspend ? Svc::ProcessActivity::Paused : Svc::ProcessActivity::Runnable;
 
     // Get the application process.
     KScopedAutoObject<KProcess> process = ApplicationProcess();
@@ -1300,6 +1294,8 @@ void KernelCore::SuspendApplication(bool suspended) {
 }
 
 void KernelCore::ShutdownCores() {
+    impl->TerminateApplicationProcess();
+
     KScopedSchedulerLock lk{*this};
 
     for (auto* thread : impl->shutdown_threads) {

src/core/hle/kernel/kernel.h

@@ -134,9 +134,6 @@ public:
     /// Retrieves a const pointer to the application process.
     const KProcess* ApplicationProcess() const;
 
-    /// Closes the application process.
-    void CloseApplicationProcess();
-
     /// Retrieves the list of processes.
     const std::vector<KProcess*>& GetProcessList() const;
 

src/core/hle/kernel/svc.cpp

@@ -4426,7 +4426,7 @@ void Call(Core::System& system, u32 imm) {
     auto& kernel = system.Kernel();
     kernel.EnterSVCProfile();
 
-    if (GetCurrentProcess(system.Kernel()).Is64BitProcess()) {
+    if (GetCurrentProcess(system.Kernel()).Is64Bit()) {
         Call64(system, imm);
     } else {
         Call32(system, imm);

src/core/hle/kernel/svc/svc_info.cpp

@@ -86,20 +86,19 @@ Result GetInfo(Core::System& system, u64* result, InfoType info_id_type, Handle
             R_SUCCEED();
 
         case InfoType::TotalMemorySize:
-            *result = process->GetTotalPhysicalMemoryAvailable();
+            *result = process->GetTotalUserPhysicalMemorySize();
             R_SUCCEED();
 
         case InfoType::UsedMemorySize:
-            *result = process->GetTotalPhysicalMemoryUsed();
+            *result = process->GetUsedUserPhysicalMemorySize();
             R_SUCCEED();
 
         case InfoType::SystemResourceSizeTotal:
-            *result = process->GetSystemResourceSize();
+            *result = process->GetTotalSystemResourceSize();
             R_SUCCEED();
 
         case InfoType::SystemResourceSizeUsed:
-            LOG_WARNING(Kernel_SVC, "(STUBBED) Attempted to query system resource usage");
+            *result = process->GetUsedSystemResourceSize();
-            *result = process->GetSystemResourceUsage();
             R_SUCCEED();
 
         case InfoType::ProgramId:
@@ -111,20 +110,29 @@ Result GetInfo(Core::System& system, u64* result, InfoType info_id_type, Handle
             R_SUCCEED();
 
         case InfoType::TotalNonSystemMemorySize:
-            *result = process->GetTotalPhysicalMemoryAvailableWithoutSystemResource();
+            *result = process->GetTotalNonSystemUserPhysicalMemorySize();
             R_SUCCEED();
 
         case InfoType::UsedNonSystemMemorySize:
-            *result = process->GetTotalPhysicalMemoryUsedWithoutSystemResource();
+            *result = process->GetUsedNonSystemUserPhysicalMemorySize();
             R_SUCCEED();
 
         case InfoType::IsApplication:
             LOG_WARNING(Kernel_SVC, "(STUBBED) Assuming process is application");
-            *result = true;
+            *result = process->IsApplication();
             R_SUCCEED();
 
         case InfoType::FreeThreadCount:
-            *result = process->GetFreeThreadCount();
+            if (KResourceLimit* resource_limit = process->GetResourceLimit();
+                resource_limit != nullptr) {
+                const auto current_value =
+                    resource_limit->GetCurrentValue(Svc::LimitableResource::ThreadCountMax);
+                const auto limit_value =
+                    resource_limit->GetLimitValue(Svc::LimitableResource::ThreadCountMax);
+                *result = limit_value - current_value;
+            } else {
+                *result = 0;
+            }
             R_SUCCEED();
 
         default:
@@ -161,7 +169,7 @@ Result GetInfo(Core::System& system, u64* result, InfoType info_id_type, Handle
 
     case InfoType::RandomEntropy:
         R_UNLESS(handle == 0, ResultInvalidHandle);
-        R_UNLESS(info_sub_id < KProcess::RANDOM_ENTROPY_SIZE, ResultInvalidCombination);
+        R_UNLESS(info_sub_id < 4, ResultInvalidCombination);
 
         *result = GetCurrentProcess(system.Kernel()).GetRandomEntropy(info_sub_id);
         R_SUCCEED();

src/core/hle/kernel/svc/svc_lock.cpp

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ Result ArbitrateLock(Core::System& system, Handle thread_handle, u64 address, u3
     R_UNLESS(!IsKernelAddress(address), ResultInvalidCurrentMemory);
     R_UNLESS(Common::IsAligned(address, sizeof(u32)), ResultInvalidAddress);
 
-    R_RETURN(GetCurrentProcess(system.Kernel()).WaitForAddress(thread_handle, address, tag));
+    R_RETURN(KConditionVariable::WaitForAddress(system.Kernel(), thread_handle, address, tag));
 }
 
 /// Unlock a mutex
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ Result ArbitrateUnlock(Core::System& system, u64 address) {
     R_UNLESS(!IsKernelAddress(address), ResultInvalidCurrentMemory);
     R_UNLESS(Common::IsAligned(address, sizeof(u32)), ResultInvalidAddress);
 
-    R_RETURN(GetCurrentProcess(system.Kernel()).SignalToAddress(address));
+    R_RETURN(KConditionVariable::SignalToAddress(system.Kernel(), address));
 }
 
 Result ArbitrateLock64(Core::System& system, Handle thread_handle, uint64_t address, uint32_t tag) {

src/core/hle/kernel/svc/svc_physical_memory.cpp

@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ Result MapPhysicalMemory(Core::System& system, u64 addr, u64 size) {
     KProcess* const current_process{GetCurrentProcessPointer(system.Kernel())};
     auto& page_table{current_process->GetPageTable()};
 
-    if (current_process->GetSystemResourceSize() == 0) {
+    if (current_process->GetTotalSystemResourceSize() == 0) {
         LOG_ERROR(Kernel_SVC, "System Resource Size is zero");
         R_THROW(ResultInvalidState);
     }
@@ -95,7 +95,7 @@ Result UnmapPhysicalMemory(Core::System& system, u64 addr, u64 size) {
     KProcess* const current_process{GetCurrentProcessPointer(system.Kernel())};
     auto& page_table{current_process->GetPageTable()};
 
-    if (current_process->GetSystemResourceSize() == 0) {
+    if (current_process->GetTotalSystemResourceSize() == 0) {
         LOG_ERROR(Kernel_SVC, "System Resource Size is zero");
         R_THROW(ResultInvalidState);
     }

src/core/hle/kernel/svc/svc_synchronization.cpp

@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ void SynchronizePreemptionState(Core::System& system) {
         GetCurrentThread(kernel).ClearInterruptFlag();
 
         // Unpin the current thread.
-        cur_process->UnpinCurrentThread(core_id);
+        cur_process->UnpinCurrentThread();
     }
 }
 

src/core/hle/kernel/svc/svc_thread.cpp

@@ -85,10 +85,6 @@ Result StartThread(Core::System& system, Handle thread_handle) {
     // Try to start the thread.
     R_TRY(thread->Run());
 
-    // If we succeeded, persist a reference to the thread.
-    thread->Open();
-    system.Kernel().RegisterInUseObject(thread.GetPointerUnsafe());
-
     R_SUCCEED();
 }
 
@@ -99,7 +95,6 @@ void ExitThread(Core::System& system) {
     auto* const current_thread = GetCurrentThreadPointer(system.Kernel());
     system.GlobalSchedulerContext().RemoveThread(current_thread);
     current_thread->Exit();
-    system.Kernel().UnregisterInUseObject(current_thread);
 }
 
 /// Sleep the current thread
@@ -260,7 +255,7 @@ Result GetThreadList(Core::System& system, s32* out_num_threads, u64 out_thread_
 
     auto list_iter = thread_list.cbegin();
     for (std::size_t i = 0; i < copy_amount; ++i, ++list_iter) {
-        memory.Write64(out_thread_ids, (*list_iter)->GetThreadId());
+        memory.Write64(out_thread_ids, list_iter->GetThreadId());
         out_thread_ids += sizeof(u64);
     }
 

src/core/hle/kernel/svc_generator.py

@@ -592,7 +592,7 @@ void Call(Core::System& system, u32 imm) {
     auto& kernel = system.Kernel();
     kernel.EnterSVCProfile();
 
-    if (GetCurrentProcess(system.Kernel()).Is64BitProcess()) {
+    if (GetCurrentProcess(system.Kernel()).Is64Bit()) {
         Call64(system, imm);
     } else {
         Call32(system, imm);

src/core/hle/kernel/svc_types.h

@@ -604,13 +604,57 @@ enum class ProcessActivity : u32 {
     Paused,
 };
 
+enum class CreateProcessFlag : u32 {
+    // Is 64 bit?
+    Is64Bit = (1 << 0),
+
+    // What kind of address space?
+    AddressSpaceShift = 1,
+    AddressSpaceMask = (7 << AddressSpaceShift),
+    AddressSpace32Bit = (0 << AddressSpaceShift),
+    AddressSpace64BitDeprecated = (1 << AddressSpaceShift),
+    AddressSpace32BitWithoutAlias = (2 << AddressSpaceShift),
+    AddressSpace64Bit = (3 << AddressSpaceShift),
+
+    // Should JIT debug be done on crash?
+    EnableDebug = (1 << 4),
+
+    // Should ASLR be enabled for the process?
+    EnableAslr = (1 << 5),
+
+    // Is the process an application?
+    IsApplication = (1 << 6),
+
+    // 4.x deprecated: Should use secure memory?
+    DeprecatedUseSecureMemory = (1 << 7),
+
+    // 5.x+ Pool partition type.
+    PoolPartitionShift = 7,
+    PoolPartitionMask = (0xF << PoolPartitionShift),
+    PoolPartitionApplication = (0 << PoolPartitionShift),
+    PoolPartitionApplet = (1 << PoolPartitionShift),
+    PoolPartitionSystem = (2 << PoolPartitionShift),
+    PoolPartitionSystemNonSecure = (3 << PoolPartitionShift),
+
+    // 7.x+ Should memory allocation be optimized? This requires IsApplication.
+    OptimizeMemoryAllocation = (1 << 11),
+
+    // 11.x+ DisableDeviceAddressSpaceMerge.
+    DisableDeviceAddressSpaceMerge = (1 << 12),
+
+    // Mask of all flags.
+    All = Is64Bit | AddressSpaceMask | EnableDebug | EnableAslr | IsApplication |
+          PoolPartitionMask | OptimizeMemoryAllocation | DisableDeviceAddressSpaceMerge,
+};
+DECLARE_ENUM_FLAG_OPERATORS(CreateProcessFlag);
+
 struct CreateProcessParameter {
     std::array<char, 12> name;
     u32 version;
     u64 program_id;
     u64 code_address;
     s32 code_num_pages;
-    u32 flags;
+    CreateProcessFlag flags;
     Handle reslimit;
     s32 system_resource_num_pages;
 };

src/core/hle/service/kernel_helpers.cpp

@@ -21,10 +21,8 @@ ServiceContext::ServiceContext(Core::System& system_, std::string name_)
 
     // Create the process.
     process = Kernel::KProcess::Create(kernel);
-    ASSERT(Kernel::KProcess::Initialize(process, system_, std::move(name_),
+    ASSERT(R_SUCCEEDED(process->Initialize(Kernel::Svc::CreateProcessParameter{},
-                                        Kernel::KProcess::ProcessType::KernelInternal,
+                                           kernel.GetSystemResourceLimit(), false)));
-                                        kernel.GetSystemResourceLimit())
-               .IsSuccess());
 
     // Register the process.
     Kernel::KProcess::Register(kernel, process);

src/core/hle/service/nvnflinger/nvnflinger.cpp

@@ -66,7 +66,6 @@ Nvnflinger::Nvnflinger(Core::System& system_, HosBinderDriverServer& hos_binder_
         "ScreenComposition",
         [this](std::uintptr_t, s64 time,
                std::chrono::nanoseconds ns_late) -> std::optional<std::chrono::nanoseconds> {
-            { const auto lock_guard = Lock(); }
             vsync_signal.Set();
             return std::chrono::nanoseconds(GetNextTicks());
         });
@@ -99,6 +98,7 @@ Nvnflinger::~Nvnflinger() {
     }
 
     ShutdownLayers();
+    vsync_thread = {};
 
     if (nvdrv) {
         nvdrv->Close(disp_fd);
@@ -106,6 +106,7 @@ Nvnflinger::~Nvnflinger() {
 }
 
 void Nvnflinger::ShutdownLayers() {
+    const auto lock_guard = Lock();
     for (auto& display : displays) {
         for (size_t layer = 0; layer < display.GetNumLayers(); ++layer) {
             display.GetLayer(layer).Core().NotifyShutdown();
@@ -229,16 +230,6 @@ VI::Layer* Nvnflinger::FindLayer(u64 display_id, u64 layer_id) {
     return display->FindLayer(layer_id);
 }
 
-const VI::Layer* Nvnflinger::FindLayer(u64 display_id, u64 layer_id) const {
-    const auto* const display = FindDisplay(display_id);
-
-    if (display == nullptr) {
-        return nullptr;
-    }
-
-    return display->FindLayer(layer_id);
-}
-
 VI::Layer* Nvnflinger::FindOrCreateLayer(u64 display_id, u64 layer_id) {
     auto* const display = FindDisplay(display_id);
 
@@ -288,7 +279,6 @@ void Nvnflinger::Compose() {
         auto nvdisp = nvdrv->GetDevice<Nvidia::Devices::nvdisp_disp0>(disp_fd);
         ASSERT(nvdisp);
 
-        guard->unlock();
         Common::Rectangle<int> crop_rect{
             static_cast<int>(buffer.crop.Left()), static_cast<int>(buffer.crop.Top()),
             static_cast<int>(buffer.crop.Right()), static_cast<int>(buffer.crop.Bottom())};
@@ -299,7 +289,6 @@ void Nvnflinger::Compose() {
                      buffer.fence.fences, buffer.fence.num_fences);
 
         MicroProfileFlip();
-        guard->lock();
 
         swap_interval = buffer.swap_interval;
 

src/core/hle/service/nvnflinger/nvnflinger.h

@@ -117,9 +117,6 @@ private:
     /// Finds the layer identified by the specified ID in the desired display.
     [[nodiscard]] VI::Layer* FindLayer(u64 display_id, u64 layer_id);
 
-    /// Finds the layer identified by the specified ID in the desired display.
-    [[nodiscard]] const VI::Layer* FindLayer(u64 display_id, u64 layer_id) const;
-
     /// Finds the layer identified by the specified ID in the desired display,
     /// or creates the layer if it is not found.
     /// To be used when the system expects the specified ID to already exist.

src/core/hle/service/pm/pm.cpp

@@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ std::optional<Kernel::KProcess*> SearchProcessList(
 void GetApplicationPidGeneric(HLERequestContext& ctx,
                               const std::vector<Kernel::KProcess*>& process_list) {
     const auto process = SearchProcessList(process_list, [](const auto& proc) {
-        return proc->GetProcessId() == Kernel::KProcess::ProcessIDMin;
+        return proc->GetProcessId() == Kernel::KProcess::ProcessIdMin;
     });
 
     IPC::ResponseBuilder rb{ctx, 4};

src/core/reporter.cpp

@@ -116,7 +116,7 @@ json GetProcessorStateDataAuto(Core::System& system) {
     Core::ARM_Interface::ThreadContext64 context{};
     arm.SaveContext(context);
 
-    return GetProcessorStateData(process->Is64BitProcess() ? "AArch64" : "AArch32",
+    return GetProcessorStateData(process->Is64Bit() ? "AArch64" : "AArch32",
                                  GetInteger(process->GetEntryPoint()), context.sp, context.pc,
                                  context.pstate, context.cpu_registers);
 }

src/yuzu/debugger/wait_tree.cpp

@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ std::vector<std::unique_ptr<WaitTreeItem>> WaitTreeCallstack::GetChildren() cons
         return list;
     }
 
-    if (thread.GetOwnerProcess() == nullptr || !thread.GetOwnerProcess()->Is64BitProcess()) {
+    if (thread.GetOwnerProcess() == nullptr || !thread.GetOwnerProcess()->Is64Bit()) {
         return list;
     }
 

src/yuzu/main.cpp

@@ -2019,7 +2019,7 @@ void GMainWindow::BootGame(const QString& filename, u64 program_id, std::size_t
             std::filesystem::path{Common::U16StringFromBuffer(filename.utf16(), filename.size())}
                 .filename());
     }
-    const bool is_64bit = system->Kernel().ApplicationProcess()->Is64BitProcess();
+    const bool is_64bit = system->Kernel().ApplicationProcess()->Is64Bit();
     const auto instruction_set_suffix = is_64bit ? tr("(64-bit)") : tr("(32-bit)");
     title_name = tr("%1 %2", "%1 is the title name. %2 indicates if the title is 64-bit or 32-bit")
                      .arg(QString::fromStdString(title_name), instruction_set_suffix)